The God of Small Things -Bhiksu University of Sri Lanka Anuradhapura-External Degree Program EEN 2024

 The God of Small Things is the debut novel of Indian writer Arundhati Roy. It is a story about the childhood experiences of fraternal twins whose lives are destroyed. The book explores how the small things affect people's behavior and their lives. It won the Booker Prize in 1997.

She began writing the manuscript for The God of Small Things in 1992 and finished four years later, in 1996. It was published the following year. The story is set in Ayemenem, now part of Kottayam district in Kerala, India. Ammu Ipe is desperate to escape her ill-tempered father, known as Pappachi, and her bitter, long-suffering mother, known as Mammachi. She persuades her parents to let her spend a summer with a distant aunt in Calcutta. To avoid returning to Ayemenem, she marries a man there, but later discovers that he is an alcoholic, and he physically abuses her and tries to pimp her to his boss. She gives birth to Rahel and Estha, leaves her husband, and returns to Ayemenem to live with her parents and brother, Chacko, who has returned to India from England after his divorce from an English woman, Margaret, and the subsequent death of Pappachi.

The multi-generational family home in Ayemenem also includes Pappachi's sister, Navomi Ipe, known as Baby Kochamma. As a young girl, Baby Kochamma fell in love with Father Mulligan, a young Irish priest, who had come to Ayemenem. To get closer to him, Baby Kochamma converted to Roman Catholicism and joined a convent against her father's wishes. After a few months in the convent, she realized that her vows brought her no closer to the man she loved. Her father eventually rescued her from the convent and sent her to America. Because of her unrequited love for Father Mulligan, Baby Kochamma remained unmarried for the rest of her life, becoming deeply embittered over time. Throughout the book, she delights in the misfortune of others and constantly manipulates events to bring calamity.

It didn't matter that the story had begun, because Kathakali discovered long ago that the secret of the Great Stories is that they have no secrets. The Great Stories are the ones you have heard and want to hear again. The ones you can enter anywhere and inhabit comfortably. They don't deceive you with thrills and trick endings.

 The God of Small Things

The death of Margaret's second husband in a car accident prompts Chacko to invite her and Sophie (Margaret's and Chacko's daughter) to spend Christmas in Ayemenem. En route to the airport to pick up Margaret and Sophie, the family visits a theater. On the way to the theater, they encounter a group of Communist protesters, who surround the car and force Baby Kochamma to wave a red flag and chant a Communist slogan, thus humiliating her. Rahel thinks she sees Velutha, a servant who works for the family's pickle factory among the protesters. Later at the theater, Estha is sexually molested by the "Orangedrink Lemondrink Man", a vendor working the snack counter. Estha's experience factors into the tragic events at the heart of the narrative.

Rahel's assertion that she saw Velutha in the Communist mob causes Baby Kochamma to associate Velutha with her humiliation at the protesters' hands, and she begins to harbor enmity toward him. Velutha is a dalit (lower caste in India). Rahel and Estha form an unlikely bond with Velutha and come to love him despite his caste status. It is her children's love for Velutha that causes Ammu to realize her own attraction to him, and eventually, she comes to "love by night the man her children loved by day". Ammu and Velutha begin a short-lived affair that culminates in tragedy for the family.

When her relationship with Velutha is discovered, Ammu is locked in her room and Velutha is banished. In her rage, Ammu blames the twins for her misfortune and calls them "millstones around her neck". Distraught, Rahel and Estha decide to run away. Their cousin, Sophie also joins them. During the night, as they try to reach an abandoned house across the river, their boat capsizes and Sophie drowns. When Margaret and Chacko return from a trip, they see Sophie's body laid out on the sofa.

Baby Kochamma goes to the police and accuses Velutha of being responsible for Sophie's death. A group of policemen hunt Velutha down, savagely beat him for crossing caste lines, and arrest him on the brink of death. The twins, huddling in the abandoned house, witness the horrific scene. Later, when they reveal the truth to the chief of police he is alarmed. He knows that Velutha is a Communist, and is afraid that if word gets out that the arrest and beating were wrongful; it will cause unrest among the local Communists. He threatens to hold Baby Kochamma responsible for falsely accusing Velutha. To save herself, Baby Kochamma tricks Rahel and Estha into believing that the two of them would be implicated as having murdered Sophie out of jealousy and were facing sure imprisonment for them and their Ammu. She thus convinces them to lie to the inspector that Velutha had kidnapped them and had murdered Sophie. Velutha dies of his injuries overnight.

After Sophie's funeral, Ammu goes to the police to tell the truth about her relationship with Velutha. Afraid of being exposed, Baby Kochamma convinces Chacko that Ammu and the twins were responsible for his daughter's death. Chacko kicks Ammu out of the house and forces her to send Estha to live with his father. Estha never sees Ammu again. Ammu dies alone a few years later at the age of 31.

After a turbulent childhood and adolescence in India, Rahel gets married and goes to America. There, she divorces before returning to Ayemenem after years of working dead-end jobs. Rahel and Estha, now 31, are reunited for the first time since they were children. They had been haunted by their guilt and their grief-ridden pasts. It becomes apparent that neither twin ever found another person, who understood them in the way they understand each other. Toward the end of the novel, the twins have sex. The novel comes to a close with a nostalgic recounting of Ammu and Velutha's love affair.

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_God_of_Small_Things

Rajarata University (ENGL 3112) Third Year Students Andrew Marvell- Summary of To His Coy Mistress

 

To his coy mistress

Had we but world enough and time,

This coyness, lady, were no crime.

We would sit down, and think which way

To walk, and pass our long love’s day,

Thou by the Indian Ganges’ side

Shouldst rubies find; I by the tide

Of Humber would complain. I would

Love you ten years before the flood,

And you should, if you please, refuse

Till the conversion of the Jews,

My vegetable love should grow

Vaster than empires and more slow;

An hundred years should go to praise

Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze;

Two hundred to adore each breast,

But thirty thousand to the rest;

An age at least to every part,

And the last age should show your heart.

For, lady, you deserve this state,

Nor would I love at lower rate.

But at my back I always hear

Time’s winged chariot hurrying near;

And yonder all before us lie

Deserts of vast eternity,

Thy beauty shall no more be found;

Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound

My echoing song; then worms shall try

That long-preserved virginity,

And your quaint honor turns to dust,

And into ashes all my lust;

The grave’s a fine and private place,

But none, I think, do there embrace.

 Now therefore, while the youthful hue

Sits on thy skin like morning dew,

And while thy willing soul transpires

At every pore with instant fires,

Now let us sport us while we may,

And now, like amorous birds of prey,

Rather at once our time devour

Than languish in his slow-chapped power.

Let us roll all our strength and all

Our sweetness up into one ball,

And tear our pleasures with rough strife

Through the iron gates of life:

Thus, though we cannot make our sun

Stand still, yet we will make him run.  

Andrew Marvell- Summary of To His Coy Mistress

To His Coy Mistress is Andrew Marvell's best known poem. It focuses on the lustful desires of a man attempting to entice a female virgin, the mistress, into sexual intimacy. Wit, allusion and metaphor are all employed in what is a syllogism - a logical argument - that can be summed up in a short phrase: Life is too short, let's get it on before you and I decay. It was first published in 1681, three years after the death of the author. Marvell is known today as one of the metaphysical poets (alongside such names as John Donne, Henry Vaughan, George Herbert and Richard Crashaw) because he wrote on subjects such as man's place in the universe, existence, love and religion. To His Coy Mistress is a clever, well-structured poem, a dramatic monologue in effect, the speaker progressing logically through the stages of persuasion in an effort to turn the lady's head and heart. He wants to deflower her before it's too late. Basically his argument goes like this: If they had all the time in the world at their disposal then everything would be fine and he needn't have to press her for a sexual liaison. But, has she noted that there's no time to lose?

Before them is eternity, a vast desert where they'll both turn to dust and ashes in the grave. Beauty will die. Not a very pleasant prospect. Lust turns to disgust. And Time flies.

Let's devour time before it devours us. The instinct drives birds of prey, why not us; let's strike while the iron's hot, create a ball of passion and take on the sun. As you can see, the argument builds up through the three sections of the poem, starting off with the speaker's assertion that the lady's coyness (shyness, modesty) wouldn't be deemed a moral crime if they had all the world in which to spend time together. There then follows a series of potential scenarios laid out by the speaker to illustrate exactly what he means. There is a relaxed tone to these lines, spiced with hyperbole and allusion. She, being of Indian descent perhaps, could go walking by the river Ganges in search of rubies (in legend the river originates from a huge jujube tree near a hermitage where stands some stairs made of rubies and corals).Likewise, he, being from Hull in East Yorkshire, England, could go walking by the tidal river Humber. Only he wouldn't be looking for precious stones, he'd be complaining - perhaps unhappy with the distance between him and his lady. And there would also be time, thousands of years, for him to admire her physical beauty, her eyes, her breasts and so on. Keeping regular rhyme and rhythm throughout, the poem culminates in what many think is an alchemical climax of sorts, a coming together of male and female elements, with the emphasis on a passionate fusion, strong enough to affect even the sun. In conclusion, To His Coy Mistress explores the realm of human mortality, approaching the seriousness of this finite reality with humor, logic and ironic reflection. Why let time get the upper hand when being pro-active could bring fulfillment? To His Coy Mistress has been rightly lauded as a small masterpiece of a poem, primarily because it packs so much into a relatively small space. It manages to carry along on simple rhyming couplets the complex passions of a male speaker, hungry for sexual liaison with a lady, before all devouring time swallows them up.

Lines 1 - 20

The argument begins with an appeal to the coy mistress based on the idea that, if time and space were limitless, they could spend their days in leisure, she by the exotic Ganges river for instance, he by the ebb and flow of the Humber. Sex needn't be a priority in this fantasy world. The speaker's ironic tone even allows for his love of the lady a decade before the Old Testament flood, and she could say no to his advances up to the time when the Jews convert to Christianity - which would never ever happen of course.

This tongue-in-cheek allusion to religious notions of the end of the world, plus the underlying urges for physical intimacy, has been too much for certain Christian groups and others in more modern times. They would like the poem to be banned from being taught in school, claiming that it would negatively influence their children and that it condones predatory male behavior.

Years he would spend growing his love, like a vegetable grows slowly, rooted and strong, in the earth. And he could bide his time admiring her physical beauty - her eyes, forehead, breasts and other parts. This imaginary scenario is a clever and slightly ludicrous set up. He is clearly in awe of her body and totally wants her heart but because she refuses to comply he introduces this idea of a timeless, boundless love. Time becomes a metaphor for love but is little more than a limitless resource.

Lines 21 - 32

But all of the previous means nothing because the reality is that the clock is ticking louder and louder. Time is flying. And then one day you find ten years have got behind you, no one told you when to run, you missed the starting gun. Don't look over your shoulder. Don't look ahead either because there is a vast desert - eternity. The speaker's tone starts to alter, becoming more serious. The future isn't that bright - her beauty will be lost in the sands of time - even worse, when she's dead and buried only the worms will experience what he presently longs for. What a challenging image. And there are some who think quaint honor is an obscure reference to the female private parts (quaint was used as a noun in pre-Elizabethan times). He too will perish, consumed by his own passion, nothing but a pile of ash. The last couplet of this section is perhaps the most quoted and puts a seal on the message: Let's make love while we're still alive.

Lines 33 - 46

The final part of this poem concentrates on the rational summing up of what's gone before. Note the first two words: Now therefore. It’s as if the speaker is saying, Look I've given you two quite valid reasons for you to succumb, consequently this final effort will make you see sense.

Never has an adverb carried so much weight. And the speaker has clearly thrown out the fantasies and wishes of the previous scenes. Gone are space and time and death, in their place is the all-consuming present. Just look at the use of the word now (3 times in lines 33-38), suggesting that the speaker cannot wait a second longer for his postponed fulfillment.

The emphasis is on the physical - skin, sport, roll and tear - the language being tinged with aggression and forceful energy. Line 34 is controversial as many later versions change the word glew for dew whereas in the original it is definitely glew. So the poet used this word to further the image of youthfulness, as line 33 imparts. The word glew, now archaic, could be the old fashioned word for today's glue but this wouldn't make sense in the context of the couplet: Sits on thy skin like morning glue,; what makes better sense is to look for variants of either glow or glee - we still say the skin glows but do not often say the skin is happy. Her skin has a morning glow. As the lines progress the intensity increases, the passion starts to burn, and when the images of two birds of prey emerge, devouring time (instead of the other way round) the reader is surely taken beyond mere pleasures of the flesh. Some think the poet is using the symbols of alchemy to express the deep lying sexual chemistry implied in the second unusual image, that of a ball of sweetness to signify the union of male and female. The iron gates could well be the barrier, the threshold, through which the speaker wishes to emerge. He sets the imperative. If they come together then who knows what will happen? Common sense and the logic of time will no longer dictate their lives.

To His Coy Mistress - Influences

Mortality and desire were popular themes with poets in the 17th century. Love, sex and the need for offspring were all top priorities and with the life span much shorter than it is in modern times, the need to act NOW before time ran out was seen as vital.This poem has a dominant 8 syllable, four beat rhythm to the majority of lines - iambic tetrameter - but there are lines that deviate from this familiar, steady constant.

 

Questions To Ask - To His Coy Mistress

1. Is it right for a man to demand sexual pleasure from a woman?

2. Should this poem be banned from classrooms?

3. What about a feminist perspective on this poem?

4. Which is more important, love or lust, and how do we balance the two?

'be' verbs

 

Voice Message

 https://www.facebook.com/100003000102601/videos/3090826004360706/?extid=rp5ErF6xeB8bALFo

 Be verbs

1. I am busy now. Please call me later.
2. He is on leave today.
3. We are free now.
4. He was ill last week. So, he was absent.
5. They were absent yesterday
6. I will be at home next week.
7.  I shall be absent tomorrow.
8. Roshan is married. He has been married for ten years.
9. We are busy. We have been busy since morning.
10. He was employed. He had been employed there for five years.
11. They will be busy. They will have been busy for two months since tomorrow.

 

Activity- Complete the following sentences.

1.      I/hungry/ Shall we go to the canteen?

2.      I am hungry. Shall we go to the canteen?

3.      He/busy now. You can’t meet him.

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5. She/happy now. She has money.
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7. The dog/angry. It is barking.
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9. We/at home now. You can meet us.
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11. Where/you last week? I was at home.
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13. They/in Jaffna next week. They will visit the Jaffna University.
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15. I am a teacher. I/employed for ten years.
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17. He is an accountant. He/employed since 2005.
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Activity

Pronoun	Present		Past	Future
I	am		was	will be/shall be
He	is		was	will be
She	is		was	will be
It	is		was	will be
We	are		were	will be/shall be
You	are		were	will be
They	are		were	will be
I	have been		had been	will have been/shall have been
He	has been		had been	will have been
She	has been		had been	will have been
It	has been		had been	will have been
We	have been		had been	will have been/shall have been
You	have been		had been	will have been
Present		Past			Future
I am busy now.		I was busy last week.			I will be busy tomorrow.
He is employed now.		He was employed last year.			He will be employed next month.
		You were absent yesterday.
					Ravi will be at home tomorrow.
		I was at home last night.
They are happy now.
					The bus will be late.

 

Activity-Read the following sentences and write more sentences like them.

1.      I have been busy since morning. Therefore, I am tired now.

2.      She is ill. So, she has been absent for two weeks.

3.      She was ill. Hence, she had been absent for two weeks.

4.      Since tomorrow, I will have been absent for three weeks.

5.      Since tomorrow, I shall have been absent for three weeks.

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Activity-Read the following sentences in the table and complete the table, which follows it.

Present	Past	Future
He is employed.	He was employed.	He will be employed.
He’s employed.	He was employed.	He’ll be employed.
He is not employed.	He was not employed.	He will not be employed.
He’s not employed.	He was not employed.	He’ll not be employed.
He isn’t employed.	He wasn’t employed.	He won’t be employed.
Is he employed?	Was he employed?	Will he be employed?
Is he not employed?     Isn’t he employed?	Was he not employed? Wasn’t he employed?	Will he not be employed? Won’t he be employed?

 

Present	Past	Future
He is absent.	He was absent.	He will be absent.

Activity-Read the following sentences and write similar sentences as given below.

Short Answers- A

1. Are you employed?                

Yes, I am. / Yes, I’m.                                                  

No, I am not. / No, I’m not. /No, I aren’t.

 

2. Is he married?

Yes, he is. /Yes, he’s.

No, he is not. /No, he’s not.                                        

No, he isn’t.

 

3. Was she busy?

Yes, she was.

No, she was not. No, she wasn’t.

 

4. Were they happy?

Yes, they were.

No, they were not.

No, they weren’t.

 

5. Will he be at home next week?

Yes, he will. /Yes, he’ll.

No, he will not. /No, he won’t.

6. Has he been busy since last week?
7. Yes, he has. / Yes, he’s.
8. No, he has not. /No, he hasn’t. /No, he’s not.
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Activity-Read the following sentences and write similar sentences as given below.

Short Answers- B

1. He is late. I am also late. He is late and so am I.
2. They are busy. We are also busy. They are busy and so are we.
3. She was absent last week. They were also absent last week.
4. She was absent last week and so were they.
5. He will be on leave tomorrow. I will also be on leave tomorrow.
6. He will be on leave tomorrow and so will I.
7. She has been absent for two weeks. He has also been absent for three weeks.
8. She has been absent for three weeks and so has he.
9. They were absent last week. We were also absent last week.
10. They were absent last week and so were we.
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Activity-Complete the following sentences and prepare some questions for your class as given below.

1. The child --- (be) hungry. He is crying. 
2. Mala --- (be) absent last week.
3. He --- (be) at home tomorrow.
4. I am a clerk. I ------------- (be) employed for ten years.
5. She is married. She ------------ (be) married for five years.
6. They are ill. They ----------- (be) absent since last Monday.
7. Where ------ (be) you last week?
8. Since 2008, he --- (be) employed in Colombo for two years.
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Tag questions

1. I am late, am I not?
2. I am late, aren’t I?
3. I am not late, am I?
4. I aren’t late, am I?
5. He is busy, isn’t he?
6. He is not busy, is he?
7. You are married, aren’t you?
8. You are not married, are you?
9. She was absent, wasn’t she?
10. She wasn’t absent, was she?
11. They were hungry, weren’t they?
12. They weren’t hungry, were they?
13. He will be on leave, won’t he?
14. He won’t be on leave, will he?
15. I shall be on leave, shan’t I?
16. I shan’t be on leave, shall I?
17. You have been absent for two days, haven’t you?
18. You haven’t been absent for two days, have you?

 

Activity- Do this activity using all ‘be verbs’.

1.      Tea is hot, isn’t it? Tea is not hot, is it?

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Question words          

What                                        When              

Which                                      What time       

Who                                         At what time

Whom                                      How

Whose                                     How many      

Where                                      How much      

How far                                   How long

How often                               How old

1. What is your problem?                                   

I have no money today.

2. Which is your pen?                                         

The red one is mine.

3. Who is your manager?                                    

He is Mr. R.S. Ranaweera.

4. Whom are you interested in?                          

I am interested in children.

5. Whose book is this?                                        

It is Ravi’s.

6. Where are you from?                                      

I am from Mihintale.

7. When are you free?                                        

I am free after dinner.

8. What time are you free?                                 

I am free after dinner.

9. At what time are you free?                             

I am free after dinner.

10. Why is he sad?                                               

His father is ill.

11. How are you?                                                 

I am fine .Thank you.

12. How many students are there in your class?               

There are 40 students in it.

13. How much is your bag?                                  

It is Rs.500/=.

14. How far is it to the town from here?               

It is two kilometers.

15. How long have you been employed?              

I have been employed for ten years.

16. How often is he absent?                                 

He is absent once a week?

17. How old are you?                                          

I am 20 years old.       

 

Activity

1.      My brother is Isuru.

Who-----------------------------------------------------?

2.      He is my mother’s uncle.

Whose---------------------------------------------------?

3.      They are afraid of the principal.

Whom---------------------------------------------------?

4.      The red pen is mine.

Which----------------------------------------------------?

5.      It is an English book.

What------------------------------------------------------?

6.      Your bike is in the garage.

Where-----------------------------------------------------?

7.      My sister is well now.

How--------------------------------------------------------?

8.      I am free after dinner.

When-------------------------------------------------------?

9.      He is busy at 10.00 a.m.

At what time-----------------------------------------------?

10.  They are in the office at 8.00 a.m.

What time--------------------------------------------------?

11.  She is not happy today.

Why---------------------------------------------------------?

12.  There are ten boys in the classroom.

How many--------------------------------------------------?

13.  This book is 100/=.

How much----------------------------------------------------?

14.  He is absent two days a week.

How often ----------------------------------------------------?

15.  That table is 03 meters long.

How long------------------------------------------------------?

16.  My grandfather is 80 years old.

How old -------------------------------------------------------?

17.  It is ten kilometers to my office from here.

How far--------------------------------------------------------?

 

 

Activity- Write both questions and answers as given above. The question words are given below.

           

What                                        When  

Which                                      What time       

Who                                         At what time

Whom                                      How

Whose                                     How many      

Where                                      How much      

How far                                   How long

How often                               How old

Why                                        

 

1.      My brother is Neel.                                   

Who is your brother?

2.      I am interested in Music.

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3.      She is at school.

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Activity-Write more adjectives in the following table and make sentences using them.

busy	free	absent	happy
unhappy	sad	ill	well
better	fine	tired	relaxed
married	unmarried	employed	unemployed
ready

 

 

1.      I am busy.

2.      He is--------------------------------------------------------------

3.      She is -------------------------------------------------------------

4.      We are------------------------------------------------------------

5.      You are-----------------------------------------------------------

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 Activity-Write more adverbs in the table given below and make sentences using them.

at home	on leave	abroad	upstairs
downstairs	in Colombo	in the office	on duty

 

1.      He is at home now.

2.      I am on leave today.

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